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What the Fathers say
Eastern Fathers
John Chrysostom
"For I would not, brethren, that ye should be ignorant of this mystery, lest ye should be wise your own conceits." Meaning by mystery here, that which is unknown and unutterable, and hath much of wonder and much of what one should not expect about it. As in another passage too he says, "Behold, I tell you a mystery. We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed." What then is the mystery? "That blindness in part hath happened unto Israel." Here again he levels a blow at the Jew, while seeming to take down the Gentile. …
Theophylact of Ohrid
He calls a mystery here that which is unknown and hidden. What then does this mystery consist of? In that the Jews did not all disbelieve, but were hardened in part. Many of them believed, whom, as was said above, God foreknew, and many will believe afterward; for the Israelites were hardened until all the Gentiles foreknown by God are saved.
Cosmas Indicopleustes
But when the fulness of the Gentiles has come in, then all Israel shall thus be saved, here clearly speaking of the final consummation.
Western Saints
Gregory the Dialogist
The Synagogue came first to the tomb, but did not enter, because although it received the commandments of the law and heard the prophecies concerning the incarnation and passion of the Lord, it refused to believe in the one who died. For John saw the linen cloths lying there, yet did not enter, because the Synagogue both recognized the mysteries of sacred Scripture and yet delayed entering through faith by believing in the Lord's passion. …
Thomas Aquinas
After leading the gentiles to a knowledge of the divine judgments, in which God's goodness and severity were manifested, the Apostle, acting as though they are still unable to consider these things, explains how they seem to him. First, he presents the fact; second, he proves it, at as it is written; third, he gives the reason, at for as you also. In regard to the first he does three things. …
Bonaventure
The fact that the Jews will be converted is certain because of Isaiah and the Apostle who teaches authoritatively: "Though the number of the children of Israel are as the sands of the sea, the remnant shall be saved." And again: "A partial blindness only has befallen Israel, until the full number of the Gentiles should enter." The Jews oppose to the fact that none of the prophesied peace has come about as yet. …
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