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What the Fathers say
Eastern Fathers
John Chrysostom
The soldiers parted the garments, but not the coat. See the prophecies in every instance fulfilled by their wickednesses; for this also had been predicted of old; yet there were three crucified, but the matters of the prophecies were fulfilled in Him. For why did they not this in the case of the others, but in His case only? Consider too, I pray you, the exactness of the prophecy. …
Western Saints
Augustine of Hippo
"They divided My garments for themselves, and cast the lot upon My vesture" [Psalm 22:18].
Ambrose of Milan
To God the things that are to come are present, and for him who foreknows all things, they are as though they were past and over; as it is written, "Who has made the things that are to be."
Thomas Aquinas
"But they." Here those things that happened after the passion are set forth; hence he says, "But they watched," gathering for the spectacle in order to mock: Lk. 23: "The soldiers mocking him filled a sponge with vinegar, saying, 'If you are the King of Israel, save yourself,'" etc. "And they looked on," namely to see what would happen to me. …
Translation