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What the Fathers say
Eastern Fathers
John Chrysostom
What then saith Christ? Not even with all this was He satisfied, but He makes her perplexity yet more intense again, saying, "It is not meet to take the children's bread and to cast it to the dogs." And when He vouchsafed her a word, then He smote her more sharply than by His silence. And no longer doth He refer the cause to another, nor say, "I am not sent," but the more urgent she makes her entreaty, so much the more doth He also urge His denial. …
Theophylact of Ohrid
Christ speaks of her as a dog, because the Gentiles led an unclean life and were involved with the blood of meat sacrificed to idols, while the Jews He speaks of as children.
Western Saints
Thomas Aquinas
He answering, said: it is not good to take the bread of the children and cast it to the dogs. This is added to test her humility, because it was already sufficiently established concerning her faith, showing the superiority of the Jews over the Gentiles; for then humility is proven when one suffers reproach cast upon one's own nation; hence he says it is not good etc. …
Remigius of Rheims
Those of whom the Lord speaks as children are the Patriarchs and Prophets of that time. By the table is signified the Holy Scripture, by the fragments the best precepts, or inward mysteries on which Holy Church feeds; by the crumbs the carnal precepts which the Jews keep. The fragments are said to be eaten under the table, because the Church submits itself humbly to fulfilling the Divine commands.
Glossa Ordinaria
The Jews were born sons, and brought up by the Law in the worship of one God. The bread is the Gospel, its miracles and other things which pertain to our salvation. It is not then meet that these should be taken from the children and given to the Gentiles, who are dogs, till the Jews refuse them.
Translation