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What the Fathers say
Eastern Fathers
John Chrysostom
Now this voice teaches us, that the souls of the saints are not henceforth shut up in hell as before, but are with God, Christ being made the beginning of this change.
Gregory of Nyssa
But it becomes us to enquire how our Lord distributes Himself into three parts at once; into the bowels of the earth, as He told the Pharisees; into the Paradise of God, as He told the thief; into the hands of the Father, as it is said here. To those however who rightly consider, it is scarcely worthy of question, for He who by His divine power is in every place, is present in any particular place. …
Athanasius of Alexandria
For He commends to His Father through Himself all mankind quickened in Him; for we are His members; as the Apostle says, Ye are all one in Christ. (Gal. 3:28.)
Western Saints
Ambrose of Milan
And he handed over well, who did not unwillingly breathe out his spirit. Finally Matthew says: He breathed out his spirit; for what is breathed out is voluntary: what is lost is necessary. Therefore he added: With a loud voice. In which either there is a glorious declaration that he descended for our sins even to death (so, should I be ashamed to confess what Christ was not ashamed to proclaim with a loud voice), or there is a clear manifestation of God testifying to the separation of divinity and body.
Bede
And crying out with a loud voice, Jesus said: "Father, into your hands I commend my spirit"; and saying this, he expired. By invoking the Father, he declares himself to be the Son of God. By commending his spirit, he does not suggest the weakness of his power, but demonstrates the confidence of the same authority as the Father. For he loves to give glory to the Father, so that he might instruct us to give glory to the Creator. …
Bonaventure
Second, as to the tearful expiration of Christ, he adds: And crying out with a loud voice, Jesus said: Father, into your hands I commend my spirit. - But there seems to be a contradiction among the Evangelists. For in Matthew twenty-seven and Mark fifteen it is said that he cried out: "Eli, Eli"; and in John nineteen it is said that he cried out: "It is finished." But all of this is true, because he cried out three times. And first he said what Matthew says, then second, what John says, and third, what Luke says. …
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