Theophylact of Ohrid

He says "to the chief priests and captains of the temple," that is, to the overseers appointed to attend to the needs of the priests; or by captains he means those who were entrusted with matters concerning the construction and adornment of the temple.

Commentary on Luke ↗

Ambrose of Milan

So they came and arrested him, who were about to perish with a more severe loss of their pursuit: neither did they understand the unhappy mystery, nor did they worship such a compassionate affection of piety, which even allowed their enemies not to be wounded. They were inflicting death justly: he was healing the wounds of his persecutors.

Exposition Of The Gospel Of Luke 10.71 ↗

Bede

"Have you come out as against a robber, with swords and clubs? When I was daily with you in the temple, you did not stretch forth hands against me. But this is your hour and the power of darkness." It is foolish (he says) to seek him with swords and clubs, who willingly surrenders to your hands; to search for him at night as if he were hiding and avoiding your sight through a betrayer, who teaches daily in the temple. …

On the Gospel of Luke ↗

Bonaventure

Fourth, as to the deceit of the Jews, he adds: But Jesus said to those who had come to Him, the chief priests and magistrates of the temple and the elders, whom He names specifically, because all these things were done by the authority of the leaders: and that passage of 1 Esdras 9 was fulfilled: "The hand of the princes and magistrates was first in this transgression"; and Daniel 13: "Iniquity came forth from the elder judges of the people, who seemed to govern the people." For the princes seemed to govern by authority, the …

Commentary on Luke, Chapter 22 ↗