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What the Fathers say
Eastern Fathers
John Chrysostom
"He, when He is come, will reprove the world." That is, "they shall not do these things unpunished if He come. For indeed, the things that have been already done, are sufficient to stop their mouths; but when these things are also done by Him, when doctrines are more perfect and miracles greater, much more shall they be condemned when they see such things done in My Name, which make the proof of the Resurrection more certain. …
Cyril of Alexandria
The reproof of sin, then, has been set first. How then will He reprove the world? When those who love Christ, as being made worthy of Him, and as true believers, are convinced of sin, then it is that He will condemn the world, that is those who are ignorant and persist in unbelief, and are enslaved by their love of worldly pleasure, by the very nature of their case, in that they are bound by their sins and doomed to die in their transgressions. …
Theophylact of Ohrid
The Comforter will come. And what benefit will there be from that? He "will convict the world of sin" and will show that they sin by not believing. For when they see that the Spirit, through the hands of the disciples, performs extraordinary signs and wonders, and after that still do not believe, how will they not be worthy of condemnation and not be guilty of the greatest sin? Now they can say that I am the son of a carpenter, the son of a poor mother, even though I perform miracles. …
Western Saints
Augustine of Hippo
For which reason, in what the Lord said of the Holy Spirit, "He shall convict the world of sin," He meant unbelief to be understood; for He said this when He was explaining, "Of sin because they believed not on me," and when He says, "If I had not come and spoken to them, they should not have sin." For He meant not that before they had no sin, but He wished to indicate that very want of faith by which they did not believe Him even when He was present to them and speaking to them; since they belonged to him of whom the apostle says, …
Thomas Aquinas
2095 Now he explains all this. First, what he says about their sin, because they do not believe in me. The Spirit rebukes them only for the sin of disbelief because by faith all other sins are remitted. In a similar way our Lord charges the damned only with a lack of mercy, because all sins are washed away by mercy: "By mercy and faith sins are cleansed away" (Prv 15:27). The same applies here, because as long as they remain in disbelief, their other sins remain, but when there is no longer disbelief the other sins are remitted. …
Bonaventure
Of sin indeed, because they did not believe in me: and this is the sin of unbelief, concerning which above in chapter 8: "You shall die in your sin; for if you do not believe that I am, you shall die in your sin."
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