John Chrysostom

Having spoken of Bishops and Deacons, of men, and women, of widows and elders, and of all others, and having shown how great was the authority of a Bishop, now he was speaking of judgment, he has added, "I charge thee before God and the Lord Jesus Christ and the elect angels, that thou observe these things without preferring one before another, doing nothing by partiality." Thus fearfully he charges him. For though Timothy was his beloved son, he did not therefore stand in awe of him. …

Homily on 1 Timothy 16 ↗

Theophylact of Ohrid

Having said much in the words cited above, he now begins to speak as in a court and in doing so adjures Timothy most solemnly. He was not ashamed to safeguard even Timothy with such an exhortation. For if he said of himself, "lest, having preached to others, I myself should be disqualified" (1 Cor. 9:27), then all the more was he not ashamed to say this concerning Timothy. …

Commentary on 1 Timothy ↗

Oecumenius

I seriously charge you before God and the Lord Jesus Christ and the elect angels to keep these instructions without bias, and to do nothing out of favoritism. I seriously charge you before God. Paul warns of severity. For Timothy did not simply resign, but protested, securing himself in case anything improper should happen. But why did Paul call the Father and the Son as witnesses, and also angels together? Because they, along with their Lord who is to come in judgment, are present and will bear witness to the discourse. …

Commentary On 1 Timothy ↗

Thomas Aquinas

Then he says, I charge you, before God. Because the ecclesiastical judge acts in God's person in a special way when he judges; therefore, he charges him before God to judge justly. For he must argue his case in public in such a way that he does not scorn God's judgment. On this point he reminds him of three things: first, God's authority, because God the Father will judge him with authority; hence he says, before God: you shall judge the whole earth (Gen 18:25). …

Commentary on 1 Timothy ↗