Fathers

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What the Fathers say

Romans 9:21

Eastern Fathers

Theophylact of Ohrid

As a potter makes whatever he pleases from one and the same clay, and not one of the vessels contradicts him, so you too should not ask God why He punishes some people and rewards others, even though they are of one and the same race; rather, revere Him and imitate the clay. As it is submissive to the hand of the potter, so you too be submissive to the decree of the Ruler of the universe. …

Commentary on Romans ↗

Western Saints

Augustine of Hippo

If this lump of clay were of such indifferent value that it deserved nothing good any more than it deserved anything evil, there would be reason to see injustice in making of it a vessel unto dishonor. But when through the free will of the first man alone, condemnation extended to the whole lump of clay, it is undoubtedly true that if vessels are made of it unto honor, it is a question not of justice not forestalling grace, but of God's mercy. …

Letter 186 ↗

Thomas Aquinas

Then the Apostle explains the words of the prophet, when he says or has not the potter power. As if to say what is molded, i.e., the vessel, should not say to the potter: why have you made me thus? because the potter is free to make anything he wishes out of the clay. …

Commentary on Romans ↗