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What the Fathers say
Eastern Fathers
John Chrysostom
"The things which ye both learned and received, and heard and saw in me." This is teaching, in all his exhortations to propose himself for a model: as he saith in another place, "even as ye have us for an ensample." (Phil. iii. 17.) And again here, "What things ye learned and received," i.e. have been taught by word of mouth, "and heard and saw in me": both in respect of my words and actions and conduct. Seest thou, how about everything he lays these commands on us? …
Theophylact of Ohrid
Since it was not possible to speak in detail about everything — about comings and goings, speech, and clothing — he speaks in general terms: "what you have learned, what you have heard" through oral instruction, what you have received in writing, and "what you have seen" in me through deeds themselves. For to show oneself as an example, as has often been said, is the very best teaching. "Do these things": do not only think and do not only speak, as was said above, but also act. …
Western Saints
Thomas Aquinas
He explains what that knowledge is when he says, think about these things, namely, what you have learned from my teaching: "Learn from me; for I am gentle and lowly in heart" (Matt. 11:29); "When you received the word of God which you heard from us, you accepted it not as the word of men but as what it really is, the word of God, which is at work in you believers" (1 Thess. 2:13); and what you have seen from my example. Thus the mover to action and its object are clear. …
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