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What the Fathers say
Eastern Fathers
John Chrysostom
He has shown from the Priest, from the Priesthood, from the Covenant, that that [dispensation] was to have an end. From this point he shows it from the fashion of the tabernacle itself. How? This, he says, [was] the "Holy" and the "Holy of Holies." The holy place then is a symbol of the former period (for there all things are done by means of sacrifices); but the Holy of Holies of this that is now present. …
Theophylact of Ohrid
He calls this one "first," namely, in relation to the Holy of Holies, which was in the middle. Before it stood the bronze altar, the altar for burnt offerings, set under the open sky. Then, if one lifted the veil, or rather, the covering (Ex. 40:19), it appeared as the middle section, in which were the lampstand, and the table, and the showbread.
Oecumenius
The first, you say, as to the holy of holies, since it was not the first, but the middle. For the first was where the bronze altar of the sacrifices and the burnt offerings was. This is the second, concerning which it is said, "in which were the lampstand, the table, and the showbread." The third, in which is a golden censer, and the Ark of the Covenant.
Western Saints
Thomas Aquinas
416. – Then when he says, For a tent was prepared, he explains what he has said: first, in regard to the disposition of the tabernacle; secondly, as to the ministry of the priests (v. 6). 417. – In regard to the first, to understand the literal meaning, it should be noted that the Lord commanded a tabernacle to be made in the desert. It was to be twenty cubits or paces long, and ten wide, with an entrance facing the east. In front of the entrance a curtain hung from four pillars. …
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