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What the Fathers say
Eastern Fathers
John Chrysostom
"There remaineth therefore a rest for the people of God." Whence does this appear? From the exhortation, "Harden not your hearts": for if there were no rest, these exhortations would not have been given. Neither would they have been exhorted not to do the same things with the Jews lest they should suffer the same things, unless they were about to suffer the same. But how were they who were in possession of Palestine about to suffer the same things (i.e. exclusion from the rest) unless there were some other rest? …
Theophylact of Ohrid
He did not say "rest," but "sabbath-keeping," using precisely the kind of term that both delighted his listeners and was fully understandable to them. Thus he refers to the Kingdom of Heaven. For just as on the Sabbath the law commanded abstaining from all fleshly voluntary works, and the priests performed only works of service to God and works beneficial to the soul, so also then everything will be spiritual and divine — nothing fleshly, nothing burdensome, where there are neither sicknesses, nor sorrows, nor sighing. …
Oecumenius
"for the people of God." He says to the faithful. And how is this evident? From the fact that David commands, saying: Do not harden your hearts. For he would not command this if there were no sabbath and rest. (What benefit would there be for those who obeyed?) Nor would it be commanded to us, not to do the same as the Jews who were in the desert, lest we too be deprived of rest in the same way.
Western Saints
Thomas Aquinas
Having cited two authorities: one from Genesis (2) and the other from Ps. 94, and drawn his conclusion from the second authority, the Psalm, the Apostle now concludes the same from the first. In regard to this he does two things: first, he gives the conclusion; secondly, he gives the reason for the consequence (v. 10). …
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