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What the Fathers say
Eastern Fathers
John Chrysostom
"But other of the Apostles saw I none, save James, the Lord's brother." See what great friends he was with Peter especially; on his account he left his home, and with him he tarried. This I frequently repeat, and desire you to remember, that no one, when he hears what this Apostle seems to have spoken against Peter, may conceive a suspicion of him. …
Theophylact of Ohrid
Although he came for the sake of Peter – so much did he honor and love him – he also saw James, and he mentions him too with respect, calling him "the brother of the Lord" – so far was he from envy! And indeed, if he had wanted to distinguish him, he would have called him the son of Cleopas. For he was not a brother of the Lord according to the flesh, but was only considered so. …
Oecumenius
"I did not see any other of the apostles." How could one who had not seen anyone have learned from them? "the brother of the Lord." James was not the brother of the Lord, but he was thought to be, yet in order to lift him up he calls him the brother of the Lord.
Western Saints
Jerome
But I saw none of the other apostles, except James the Lord's brother. I remember that while I was in Rome, I published a book on the perpetual virginity of Saint Mary under the urging of the brothers. In this matter, I had to argue for a long time about those who are called the brothers of the Lord. Therefore, we should be satisfied with whatever we have written. Now let it suffice that, because of his outstanding character and incomparable faith and wisdom, he was called the Lord's brother, not in an ordinary sense. …
Thomas Aquinas
But lest anyone suppose that, although he was not instructed by Peter, he might have been instructed by others, he adds that he was not instructed by others. Hence he says, "But other of the apostles," by whom I might be instructed, "I saw none," i.e., no one, "saving James, the brother of the Lord." For I saw him in Jerusalem. Regarding James, it should be known that he was the Bishop of Jerusalem and named James the Less, because he had been called after another James. Many things are recorded of him in Acts (15:13 ff). …
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