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What the Fathers say
Eastern Fathers
John Chrysostom
"For this," he says, "is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, saith the Lord; I will put My laws into their mind, and write them in their hearts, and I will be to them a God, and they shall be to Me a people." Thus He says this concerning the New covenant because His words are "not according to the covenant which I covenanted." But what other difference is there beside this? …
Theophylact of Ohrid
"After those days": which ones? Some say these are the days of the exodus, when the Mosaic law was given. But it seems to me that he is speaking of those days about which he said above: "behold, the days are coming." Thus, after those days have passed, I will establish such a covenant, about which you will hear further. Let the Jew show when he received the unwritten law. For even after the return from Babylon, it was given by Ezra in written form. …
Oecumenius
"For this is the covenant." Which one? The New one. That is to say, "after those days." Which days? Some say, those of the Exodus, in which the Mosaic law was given; but it seems to me that it speaks of those days mentioned above: "Behold, the days are coming." After those days have passed, I will make such a covenant as you will hear next. "I will put my laws." I will establish, giving my laws, "on their hearts." For neither in letters was the new established, but through the Holy Spirit. …
Western Saints
Thomas Aquinas
403. – Then (v. 10) he describes the qualities of the New Testament. In regard to this he does two things: first, he describes the way it was announced; secondly, its effect (v. 10b). 404. – He says, therefore, This is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days. Making implies a suitable order; hence, he says, after those days, i.e., after the Law was given. For a new law should have been given after the old; just as a master is given after a pedagogue, in order that man recognize his infirmity. …
Bonaventure
God proposes the most direct norms. Hence, the Apostle and Jeremiah say: "I will put my laws into their mind, and upon their hearts I will write them." For He inscribed them first in human nature, then in industry or progress, third in grace, and fourth in glory. In every state, He puts forth His rules: wherefore by necessity He must possess them within Himself.
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