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What the Fathers say
Eastern Fathers
John Chrysostom
"Yet now hath He reconciled in the body of His flesh through death to present you holy and without blemish and unreprovable before Him." Again he lays down also the manner of the reconciliation, that it was "in the Body," not by being merely beaten, nor scourged, nor sold, but even by dying a death the most shameful. Again he makes mention of the Cross, and again lays down another benefit. For He did not only "deliver," but, as he says above, "Who made us meet," to the same he alludes here also. …
Theophylact of Ohrid
Having said above that we were under the power of darkness, he now says that we were enemies in our minds, and he is not saying the same thing; but lest, having heard the first, you should consider it a matter of necessity, he adds the latter, in order to show that He reconciled us, even though we did not deserve this. For one who suffers by necessity is worthy of compassion, but one who voluntarily endures evil is worthy of rejection. …
Irenaeus
But now the case stands thus, that the Word has saved that which really was [created, viz., ] humanity which had perished, effecting by means of Himself that communion which should be held with it, and seeking out its salvation. But the thing which had perished possessed flesh and blood. For the Lord, taking dust from the earth, moulded man; and it was upon his behalf that all the dispensation of the Lord's advent took place. …
Western Saints
Thomas Aquinas
Then (v. 21), Christ is commended because of the gifts he gave them. First, Paul recalls their past condition; secondly, Christ's gift (v. 22); and thirdly, what they have to do now (v. 23). Their past condition had three evils: in their intellect, they were ignorant; in their affections, they were enemies of justice; and in their actions, they committed many sins. In regard to the first he says, estranged; in regard to the second, hostile in mind, according to the reading of one version. …
Arnobius of Sicca
Are His words displeasing, and are you offended when you hear them? Count them as but a soothsayer's empty tales. Does He speak very stupidly, and promise foolish gifts? Laugh with scorn as wise men, and leave Him in His folly to be tossed about among His errors. What means this fierceness, to repeat what has been said more than once; what a passion, so murderous? …
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