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What the Fathers say
Eastern Fathers
John Chrysostom
Was Christ then a ransom for the Heathen? Undoubtedly Christ died even for Heathen; and you cannot bear to pray for them. Why then, you ask, did they not believe? Because they would not: but His part was done. His suffering was a "Testimony," he says; for He came, it is meant, "to bear witness to the truth" of the Father, and was slain. Thus not only the Father bore witness to Him, but He to the Father. …
Cyril of Jerusalem
Do not wonder that the whole world was redeemed, for it was no mere man but the Only-begotten Son of God who died for it. The sin of one man, Adam, availed to bring death to the world; if by one man's offense death reigned for the world, why should not life reign all the more "from the justice of the one?" If Adam and Eve were cast out of paradise because of the tree from which they ate, should not believers more easily enter into paradise because of the Tree of Jesus? …
Theophylact of Ohrid
And for the Gentiles. Truly He died for all — will you then not agree to pray for them? Pay attention to the expression: "who gave Himself." This is against the Arians, who said that He was given up against His will. What does "ransom" mean? Creation was bound to perish, but He gave Himself for it. That is, through the witness the Son became a redemption. Or, explaining this, the apostle now says: by redemption I mean the witness, that is, His suffering. For He came to witness to the truth even unto death. …
Western Saints
Thomas Aquinas
Above, he said that God wills that all men be saved, and he proved this on the side of God, who is one for all men; and on the part of Christ, who is the one mediator. Now he proves it from testimony: first, of other witnesses; second, of himself, at to which I am appointed. He says, therefore: who gave himself a redemption for all. But did it suddenly come to God's mind, who had chosen to save the Jews alone, also to save the whole world? He rejects this when he says that his testimony is in due times. …
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